分散電源絡みの暗号(!?)

CAISOとかNYISOとかERCOTとかの、今後の「分散電源」や「デマンドレスポンス」絡みの文章を読むとやたらめったら略号(筆者にとっては暗号!?)が出てくる。

自分の忘備のためにリストアップ：
DADRP : Day-Ahead Demand Response Program
DER : Distributed Energy Resources
DERP : Distributed Energy Resource Provider
DRP : Distributed Resource Planning
DRAM : Demand Response Auction Mechanism
DREAM : Distributed Resource Energy and Ancillaries Market
DSASP : Demand Side Ancillary Service Program
DSP : Distributed System Platform
EDRP : Emerging Demand Response Program
IDSM : Integrated Demand Side Management
IDSR : Integrated Demand Side Resources
LSE : Load Serving Entity
LMR : Load Modifying Resource
LZ SPP : Load Zone Settlement Point Prices
PDR : Proxy Demand Resource
RDRR : Reliability Demand Response Resource
SCR : Special Case Resources




以下は、デマンドレスポンスのマニュアルからの抜粋

  • Advance Notification
    • One or more communications to Demand Resources of an impending Demand Response Event in advance of the actual event. (NAESB : North American Energy Standards Board)
  • Aggregated Pricing Node (APNode)
    • A Load Aggregation Point, Trading Hub or any group of Pricing Nodes as defined by the CAISO. (CAISO Tariff)
  • Automated Dispatch System (ADS)
    • The CAISO systems application to communicte dispatch Instructions to scheduling coordinators. (CAISO Tariff)
  • Baseline
    • A Baseline is an estimate of the electricity that would have been consumed by a Demand Resource in the absence of a Demand Response Event.
    • The Baseline is compared to the actual metered electricity consumption during the Demand Response Event to determine the Demand Reduction Value.
    • Depending on the type of Demand Response product or service, Baseline calculations may be performed in real-time or after-the-fact. (NAESB)
  • Baseline Adjustment
    • An adjustment that modifies the Baseline to reflect actual conditions immediately prior to or during a Demand Response Event to provide a better estimate of the Energy the Demand Resource would have consumed but for the Demand Response Event.
    • The adjustments may include but are not limited to weather conditions, near real time event facility Load, current Demand Resource operational information, or other parameters based on the System Operator‘s requirements. (NAESB)
  • Baseline Adjustment Window
    • The period of time prior to a Demand Response Event used for calculating a Baseline adjustment. (NAESB)
  • Baseline Type I (Interval Meter)
    • A Baseline performance evaluation methodology based on a Demand Resource‘s historical interval meter data which may also include other variables such as weather and calendar data. (NAESB)
  • Baseline Type II (Non-Interval Meter)
    • A Baseline performance evaluation methodology that uses statistical sampling to estimate the electricity consumption of an Aggregated Demand Resource where interval metering is not available on the entire population. (NAESB)
  • Bid Costs
    • The costs for resources manifested in the Bid components submitted, which include the start-up Cost, minimum load cost, and energy bid cost.
    • For RDRP resources, start-up cost and minimum load cost is $0.
  • Bid Cost Recovery
    • The CAISO settlements process through which Eligible Resources recover their Bid Costs. (CAISO Tariff)
  • CAISO Controlled Grid
    • The system of transmission lines and associated facilities of the Participating Transmission Owners that have been placed under the CAISO‘s Operational Control. (CAISO Tariff)
  • Calculated Hourly Minimum Load Cost
    • The hourly Minimum Load Cost that is calculated based on a RDRP COG resource‘s VMax and the energy bid submitted into the hour- ahead scheduling process.
    • The Calculated Hourly Minimum Load Cost is calculated by multiplying the energy bid by the VMax MW value.
  • Day-Ahead Market
    • A series of processes conducted in the day-ahead that includes the Market Power Mitigation-Reliability Requirement Determination, the Integrated Forward Market and the Residual Unit Commitment. (CAISO Tariff)
  • Default Load Adjustment
    • A settlement mechanism that adds back the actual performance of the RDRP resource to the meter quantity of the respective load-serving entity in the ISO's Uninstructed Imbalance Energy pre-calculation, resulting in an "adjusted" metered demand value.
  • Demand Response Event (Event)
    • The time periods, deadlines and transitions during which Demand Resources perform.
    • The System Operator shall specify the duration and applicability of a Demand Response Event.
    • All deadlines, time periods and transitions may not be applicable to all Demand Response products or services. (NAESB)
  • Demand Response Provider (DRP)
    • An entity that is responsible for delivering Demand Response Services from a RDRP resource providing Demand Response Services, which has undertaken in writing by execution of the applicable agreement to comply with all applicable provisions of the CAISO Tariff
  • Deployment
    • The time at which a Demand Resource begins reducing Demand on the system in response to an instruction. (NAESB)
  • Dispatch Interval
    • The 5-minute interval over which the real-time dispatch measures deviations in generation and demand and selects ancillary services and supplemental energy resources to provide balancing energy in response to such deviations. (CAISO Tariff)
  • Energy Service
    • A type of Demand Response service in which Demand Resources are compensated based solely on Demand reduction performance during a Demand Response event. (NAESB)
  • Expected Energy
    • The total Energy that is expected to be curtailed by a RDRP resource, based on the dispatch of that resource, as calculated by the real-time market (RTM), and as finally modified by any applicable Dispatch Operating Point corrections.
    • The calculation is based on the Dispatch Operating Point trajectory for the three-hour period around the target Trading Hour (including the previous and following hours), the applicable real-time locational marginal price for each dispatch interval of the target Trading Hour.
    • Expected Energy is used as the basis for Settlements and for calculating the Performance Incentive of a RDRP resource. (CAISO Tariff)
  • Firm Service Level (FSL)
    • A performance evaluation methodology based solely on a demand Resource‘s ability to reduce to a specified level of electricity demand, regardless of its electricity consumption at deployment.
    • This concept is referred to as a Maximum Base Load in the NAESB M&V standard.
  • Generation Distribution Factor (GDF)
    • A factor the CAISO will apply to proportion the bid of the RDRP resources among the nodes that make up the APNode.
  • Hour-Ahead Scheduling Process (HASP)
    • The process conducted by the CAISO beginning at seventy-five minutes prior to the Trading Hour through which the CAISO conducts the following activities:
    • 1) accepts Bids for Supply or Energy, including imports and exports and Ancillary Services imports to be supplied during the next Trading Hour that apply to the MPM-RRD, RTUC, STUC, and RTD;
    • 2) conducts the MPM-RRD on the Bids that apply to the RTUC, STUC, and RTD; and
    • 3) conducts the RTUC for the hourly pre-dispatch of Energy and Ancillary Services (CAISO Tariff)
  • CPM
    • Interim Capacity Procurement Mechanism as set forth in CAISO tariff section 43. (CAISO Tariff)
  • Imbalance Energy
    • The deviation of Supply or Demand from day-ahead Schedule, positive or negative, as measured by metered Generation, metered Load, or real-time Interchange Schedules. (CAISO Tariff)
  • Load Point Adjustment
    • A calculation that uses 3 prior hours (excluding the hour immediately prior to the event start) that adjusts the raw customer baseline using an established ratio.
    • The resulting adjusted customer baseline is used as a basis to determine the RDRP Energy Measurement.
  • Local Regulatory Authority (LRA)
    • The applicable Local Regulatory Authority, e.g. the CPUC, utility board, etc. where a resource resides
  • Meter Data Reporting Deadline
    • The maximum allowed time from the end of a Demand Response Event (Normal Operations) to the time when meter data is required to be submitted for performance evaluation and settlement.
    • The Meter Data Reporting Deadline may be either relative (a number of hours/days after Normal Operations) or fixed (a fixed calendar time, such as end-of-month).
  • Operating Procedure E-508B
    • An Operating Procedure of the CAISO that details the actions taken in response to forecasted or existing Operating Reserve deficiencies. The order of actions specified in OP E-508B may vary due to system conditions or other operational issues, such as skipping actions due to the severity of the situation.
  • PMax
    • The maximum normal capability of the Generating Unit. RDRP resources are modeled as generators; thus, this value is the maximum load reduction capability of a RDRP resource.
  • PMin
    • The smallest discrete load reduction possible for a RDRP Resource
  • PNode
    • A PNode or Pricing Node‘ is a single network node or subset of network nodes where a physical injection or withdrawal is modeled and for which a locational marginal price is calculated and used for financial settlement.
  • Ramp Period
    • The time between Deployment and Reduction Deadline, representing the period of time over which a Demand Resource is expected to achieve its change in Demand. (NAESB)
  • Ramp Rate
    • The rate, expressed in megawatts per minute, that a generator changes its output. (NERC Definition)
    • Demand Resource ramp rate is the rate, expressed in megawatts per minute that a Demand Resource changes its Load.
  • Real-Time Market
    • The spot market conducted by the CAISO using SCUC and SCED in the real-time, after the hour-ahead scheduling process is completed, which includes the RTUC, STUC and the RTD for the purpose of Unit Commitment, Ancillary Service procurement, Congestion Management, and Energy procurement based on Supply Bids and CAISO Forecast of CAISO Demand. (CAISO Tariff)
  • Reduction Deadline
    • The time at the end of the Ramp Period when a Demand Resource is required to have met its Demand Reduction Value obligation. (NAESB)
  • Scheduling Coordinator
    • Scheduling coordinator; an entity certified by the CAISO for the purposes of undertaking the functions specified in CAISO tariff section
  • Settlement Quality Meter Data
    • Meter data gathered, edited, validated, and stored in a settlement-ready format, for Settlement and auditing purposes. (CAISO Tariff)
  • Sub-LAP
    • A CAISO defined subset of PNodes within a Default LAP (CAISO Tariff)
  • Sustained Response Period
    • The time between Reduction Deadline and Release/Recall, representing the window over which a Demand Resource is required to maintain its reduced net consumption of electricity. (NAESB)
  • System Emergency
    • Conditions beyond the normal control of the CAISO that affect the ability of the CAISO Balancing Authority Area to function normally, including any abnormal system condition which requires immediate manual or automatic action to prevent loss of load, equipment damage, or tripping of system elements which might result in cascading Outages or to restore system operation to meet Applicable Reliability Criteria. (CAISO Tariff)
  • Use-Limited Resources
    • A resource that, due to design considerations, environmental restrictions on operations, cyclical requirements, such as the need to recharge or refill, or other non-economic reasons, is unable to operate continuously on a daily basis, but is able to operate for a minimum set of consecutive trading hours each trading day. (CAISO Tariff)
  • VMax
    • The maximum hourly load curtailment capability of a RDRP resource that elects the COG model option.
  • VMin
    • For a RDRP resource that elects the COG model option, VMin = VMax – 0.01 MW.7

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以下は、カリフォルニア州の再生可能エネルギーのマニュアルからの抜粋

  • Ancillary services
    • The term “ancillary services” as defined by Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) are those services necessary to support the transmission of electric power from seller to purchaser given the obligations of control areas and transmitting utilities within those control areas to maintain reliable operations of the interconnected transmission system.
    • In Order 888, FERC defined six ancillary services:
      • (1) scheduling, system control and dispatch;
      • (2) reactive supply and voltage control from generation service;
      • (3) regulation and frequency response service;
      • (4) energy imbalance service;
      • (5) operating reserve ; synchronized reserve service
      • (6) operating reserve ; supplemental reserve service.
  • Balancing area
    • Refers to the geographic area of the electric power system in which electrical balancing authority balance is maintained. In a balancing authority area, the total of all generation must equal the total of all loads (as supplemented by electrical imports into and exports out of the area).
  • California Independent System Operator (CAISO)
    • The CAISO operates the wholesale electric grid for over 80% of California.
    • It is a non-profit corporation that provides open and non-discriminatory access to state’s wholesale transmission grid, supported by a competitive energy market and comprehensive infrastructure planning efforts.
  • California Energy Commission
    • The CEC is the state’s primary energy policy and planning agency.
    • Established Commission (CEC) by the Legislature in 1974 and located in Sacramento, its responsibilities including forecasting future energy needs, setting energy efficiency standards, and supporting research that advances energy science and technology.
  • Combined Heat and Combined heat and power (also known as “cogeneration”)
    • means the Power (CHP) sequential use of energy for the production of electrical and useful thermal energy.
  • Coincident peak demand
    • Coincident peak demand is the demand from an aggregate of customers that coincides (in time) with total demand on the system.
    • A region’s coincident peak is the actual peak for the region (e.g. the CAISO balancing area), whereas the non-coincident peak is the sum of actual peaks for sub-regions (e.g. the service areas of the LSEs within the CAISO balancing area), which may occur at different times.
  • Curtailment (of renewable energy):
    • local and system curtailment, economic vs. manual curtailment
    • Curtailment of renewable energy output causes a downward adjustment in the amount of electricity being generated by a renewable resource.
    • It may be required by the system operator to maintain reliability, or may occur through the market due to supply conditions.
    • Local curtailment is related to localized transmission congestion.
    • System curtailment is related to a system-wide over- supply condition.
    • Economic curtailment occurs through the wholesale market, based on a generator’s bid price.
    • Manual curtailment is ordered by the system operator and in the CAISO is accomplished through exceptional dispatch (manually “calling” generators to direct them to reduce or cease generation).
  • Customer-side resources
    • Energy resources that are sited on the customer side of the utility meter and provide electricity for a portion or all of that customer’s electric load.

  • Day-ahead market
    • The day-ahead market produces the schedule and financial terms of energy production and use for the operating day.
    • It allows participants to secure prices for electric energy the day before the operating day and hedge against price fluctuations that can occur in real time.
  • Demand response
    • Reductions in customer demand for electricity in response to grid conditions.
    • Most demand response is temporary and done at the request of a utility or third party, which pays the customer for temporarily reducing their load.
    • Some demand response is permanent in that the customer shifts their electricity use from periods of high demand to times when demand for electricity is low.
  • Demand-side resources / Demand-side programs
    • Electricity generation technologies that are sited on the customer side of the utility meter and provide electricity for a portion or all of that customer’s electric load.
  • Dispatchable (generation)
    • Refers to sources of electricity (e.g., natural gas power plants) that can adjust their power output in real time to respond to market conditions or at the request of grid operators.
  • Distributed energy
    • Generic term used to refer either to demand-side resources or distributed resources (DERs) generation. (See definitions for demand-side resources and distributed generation.)
  • Distributed generation
    • Distributed generation is a parallel or stand-alone electric generation unit (DG) generally located within the electric distribution system at or near the point of consumption (R.04-03-017).
    • Distributed resources can be owned by an electric utility, a customer, or a third party.
  • Distribution system
    • The network of wires with a voltage of less than 250 kV that distributes electricity to the majority of retail customers. --Each distribution network is owned and operated by an individual utility.
  • Duck curve
    • A collection of net load curves illustrating the net load curve for the same 24- hour period over the years 2012-2020.
    • The CAISO modeled several future years of the same 24-hour period to illustrate the change in daily net load curve in future years as higher levels of wind and solar generation are integrated into the electric grid operated by the CAISO.
    • In certain times of the year, these curves produce a “belly” appearance in the mid-afternoon that quickly ramps up to produce an “arch” similar to the neck of a duck; hence the industry adopted term of the “duck curve.”
  • Dynamic rates
    • A form of retail rate in which the customer is charged variable amounts related to the current cost of electricity. (See also TOU rates.)
  • Effective flexible Capacity (EFC)
    • A generating resource’s EFC is derived from its Net-Qualifying-Capacity and is a measurement of the resource’s ability to ramp or sustain output for a 3-hour period of time.
  • Energy efficiency
    • Energy efficiency refers to reductions in customer energy consumption by use of technologies which provide the same service using less energy (e.g., LED light bulbs, which provide the same amount of illumination as an incandescent or fluorescent bulb but use fewer kW).
  • Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
    • FERC regulates the function of wholesale electricity markets in the United States (except for Texas) and regulates the operation of regional balancing authorities, such as the California ISO.
  • Flexibility
    • flexibility refers to the ability to respond to changes in load, variable generation output, and/or generator outages on various timescales to assist the system operator in maintaining the operational reliability of the power system.
  • Flexible capacity, flexible resource adequacy
    • Resources that can provide operational flexibility for the power system because of their ability to ramp up over a relatively short time period.
    • “Flexible capacity need” is “the quantity of resources needed by CAISO to manage grid reliability during the greatest three-hour continuous ramp in each month.”
    • Also, resources are considered flexible capacity “if they can sustain or increase output, or reduce ramping needs, during the hours of the ramping period of flexible need”.
  • Flexible Resource Adequacy Must-Offer Obligation(FRAC-MOO)
    • FRAC-MOO is the “must offer” obligation in CAISO’s tariff related to flexible RA resources.
  • Electric generation / generation fleet
    • The electric generation fleet includes all existing facilities/resources capable of generation electricity and delivering it to the grid.
    • May also include resources that can store power and discharge it to the grid (called “non-generating resources” by CAISO).
  • Grid reliability/ reliability
    • NERC’s traditional definition of “reliability” consists of two fundamental concepts: adequacy and operating reliability. --Adequacy is the ability of the electric system to supply the aggregate electric power and energy requirements of the electricity consumers at all times, taking into account scheduled and reasonably expected unscheduled outages of system components.
    • Operating reliability is the ability of the electric system to withstand sudden disturbances such as electric short circuits or unanticipated loss of system components.
  • Integrated Energy Policy Report (IEPR)
    • The IEPR is a biennial report adopted by the CEC in compliance with Senate Bill 1389 to “conduct assessments and forecasts of all aspects of energy industry supply, production, transportation, delivery and distribution, demand, and prices.
    • The Energy Commission shall use these assessments and forecasts to develop energy policies that conserve resources, protect the environment, ensure energy reliability, enhance the state's economy, and protect public health and safety”.
  • Independent system
    • Formed at the direction or recommendation of the Federal Energy Regulatory operator (ISO) Commission, an ISO is responsible for operating the electrical power system in an established area (see also “California Independent System Operator”).
  • Least-cost, best-fit (LCBF)
    • LCBF criteria are established in the RPS statute.
    • They require utilities to evaluate and rank new renewable energy projects based on their net market value, using a LCBF methodology.
    • Net market value is the generation, transmission, and integration cost of the project minus the energy and capacity value that it provides to the electricity system, which measures the project’s “fit” with the system.
    • For example, the LCBF approach should, over time, reflect the decreasing value of solar PV by favoring other renewable resources that may have higher costs, but generate more value.
  • Load-following
    • Resources that can quickly ramp production up and down to follow changes in (resources) load throughout the day.
  • Load-modifying program
    • A demand-side program intended to alter energy demand or load.
  • Loading order
    • The California Energy Action Plan, which defined California’s official energy policies, created a “loading order,” which states that electricity demand should first be met by “cost-effective energy efficiency and demand reductions,” then by renewable generation, then by traditional generation.
    • Hence, energy efficiency and demand response are first in the loading order, and renewable generation is second.
    • Because these technologies are higher in the loading order than traditional generation, they are referred to as “preferred resources.”
  • Locational benefit
    • The benefit to a small, local area of the electric grid, such as a distribution feeder, of a distributed resource.
  • Must-offer obligation
    • An obligation held by certain RA resources to make themselves available via economic bids into CAISO’s wholesale electricity market.
    • These obligations are codified in the CAISO tariff.
  • "N-1" reliability calculations
    • NERC Reliability standards based on ensuring the electric grid can recover from the sudden loss of generating and/or transmission resources.
    • These standards are commonly used in transmission planning.
    • “N-1” condition is the loss of one resource
    • “N-2” is the simultaneous loss of two resources.
    • “N-1- 1” is the loss of one resource followed by the loss of another resource after 30 minutes (the time allotted for the system to recover from the initial “N-1” to prepare for another possible resource loss).
    • The standard is usually tested by modeling the loss of the single largest generation or transmission asset.
  • Net energy metering
    • NEM is a customer tariff that provides a retail bill credit to utility customers (NEM) with eligible renewable generation systems that deliver surplus energy into the utility grid.
  • Net load
    • Net load refers to the residual electricity demand not met by wind and solar generation, i.e. total electricity demand for a specific time period minus the total wind and solar generation for the same time period.
    • Alternative definition : the difference between forecasted load and expected electricity production from variable generation resources.
  • Non-generating assets/ non-generating resources
    • As defined by CAISO, non-generating resources include “Limited Energy Storage Resources” and “Participating Loads” acting as “Dispatchable Demand Response.”
    • See www.caiso.com/Documents/Non-GeneratorResourceRegulationEnergyManagementImplementationPlan.pdf.
  • Peak load
    • The highest load experienced by the electric system, typically occurring during the hottest late summer days in California.
    • CAISO’s historic system peak load was 50,270 MW, which occurred on July 24, 2006 at 2:44 pm.
  • power system architecture
    • Refers to the configuration and operation of the system required to produce and deliver electricity.
    • This system is composed of three sub-systems: generation, transmission and distribution.
    • It has four operational entities: the power plant operator, the transmission operator, the independent system operator and the distribution system operator.
    • Within each of these sub- systems, the system architecture describes the array of data sensors, controls and management devices used to sense grid condition, manage faults and manage voltage and frequency of the delivered electricity.
    • In the future, the system architecture may include sub-systems used to manage distributed energy resources and other functions required to produce and deliver safe and reliable electricity based on distribution system assets.
  • Pumped storage
    • A hydropower resource where water is pumped between two reservoirs to pumped hydro then generate electricity when the water flows (by gravity) the lower reservoir.
    • Typically, the pumping is done when electric rates are low, and power is generated when electric prices are high.
  • ramping / ramping
    • Generally refers to the rapid need for an adjustment of generator output.
    • event Technically ramping is any change of electrical output measured over a certain period of time (and expressed as a Δ of MW/minutes or hours).
  • real-time market
    • An energy market that uses final day-ahead schedules for resources within the ISO and final hour-ahead schedules for imports and exports as a starting point.
    • It then re-dispatches energy resources based on their bids every five minutes to balance generation and loads.
  • Renewable portfolio
    • RPS refers to the “specified percentage of electricity generated by eligible standard (RPS) renewable energy resources that a retail seller or a local publicly owned electric utility is required to procure”.
  • Renewable integration adder / renewable integration cost
    • The renewable integration adder (required by AB 2363) reflects the costs of integrating renewable resources onto the grid, which are levelized and expressed in terms of dollars per megawatt-hour ($/MWh).
  • Resource Adequacy (RA)
    • The Resource Adequacy program has two goals.
      • First, it provides sufficient resources to the California Independent System Operator to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the grid in real time.
      • Second, it is designed to provide appropriate incentives for the siting and construction of new resources needed for reliability in the future.
      • The Basics: The CPUC adopted a Resource Adequacy (RA) policy framework (Pub. Util. Code section 380) in 2004 to in order to ensure the reliability of electric service in California.
    • The CPUC established RA obligations applicable to all Load Serving Entities (LSEs) within the CPUC’s jurisdiction, including investor owned utilities (IOUs), energy service providers (ESPs), and community choice aggregators (CCAs).
    • The Commission’s RA policy framework – implemented as the RA program – guides resource procurement and promotes infrastructure investment by requiring that LSEs procure capacity so that capacity is available to the CAISO when and where needed.
  • Rule 21-Interconnection
    • For entities under the CPUC’s jurisdiction, Rule 21 governs the interconnection of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar PV, energy storage, and non-inverter based synchronous generators.
    • Rule 21 applies to all interconnecting DERs under 20 MW that do not plan on participating in wholesale markets.
    • Rule 21 is largely based on IEEE 1547, “Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems,” and lays out the design requirements for DERs as well as the process by which prospective DERs apply and are studied for interconnection to the distribution grid.
  • Smart inverters
    • Smart inverters build on basic inverter functionality (converting DC to AC power) by autonomously adjusting or modulating distributed energy resource power output to serve a localized grid balancing function, and can communicate with IOUs, aggregators, or market operators for purposes of system monitoring and control.
    • Smart inverters have the potential to contribute to system-level flexibility and reliability and assist with grid integration.
  • Storage/energy storage system
    • As defined by AB 2514, “energy storage system” means commercially available system technology that is capable of absorbing energy, storing it for a period of time, and thereafter dispatching the energy.
    • Pub. Util. Code §2835(a) expands on the desired and required characteristics to qualify as a storage system.
  • Supply-side resources
    • Generally, these are resources interconnected with the transmission grid that participate in the wholesale energy market, and were traditionally large-scale generation resources. This distinction is currently evolving.
  • Time-of-use (TOU) rates
    • Retail electric billing rates which vary based on the time of day, week, or year.
    • Time of Use (TOU) rates and dynamic rates are two varieties of time-variant pricing for electricity.
    • TOU rates charge fixed rates at fixed periods that roughly correlate with the high (peak) and low (off-peak) cost hours of procuring energy throughout the day.
  • transmission system
    • The system of high voltage electric lines (250 kV and above) that interconnects the wholesale power grid in California. This paper is generally concerned with the transmission system operated by CAISO.
  • Variable (renewable energy) energy resources/ variable resources
    • Those resources that can generate electricity only when wind and solar resources are available.
    • Their energy output is subject to both variability and uncertainty, which fluctuates from moment to moment in a manner that is not entirely predictable.
  • Vehicle-grid integration (VGI)
    • VGI uses transportation electricity as a system resource that accelerates Zero- Emission Vehicle adoption and hastens their associated environmental benefits.
    • VGI harnesses plug-in electric vehicle usage characteristics and technologies to provide storage and demand response to integrate renewable energy in a manner that maximizes the vehicles’ value to drivers (by reducing fuel or capital costs) and the grid (by reducing infrastructure and maintenance costs borne by utility customers).
  • Wholesale energy market (wholesale market, or energy market)
    • Generally refers to the electricity market operated by CAISO for the majority of electricity sold in California. Includes a competitive day-ahead and real-time platform for generators to submit bids and be dispatched when the market clears above their bid price.
    • Not all resources bid into the market, rather, many resources are “self-scheduled” or are “must take.”